Nothing in this article constitutes professional and/or financial advice

The post Is Staking A Security? first appeared on Black Women Blockchain Council.

To fully implement these rules and build scalable use cases, we need a way for trusted, compliant, and verifiable interactions to take place on public blockchain networks. Mastercard has taken steps to address this issue with its Crypto Credential, which will establish a set of common standards and infrastructure to attest trusted interactions among consumers and businesses using blockchain networks.

What is Mastercard Crypto Credential?

Mastercard Crypto Credential is a set of common standards and infrastructure that attests trusted interactions among consumers and businesses using blockchain networks. The goal is to help ensure that those interested in interacting across Web3 environments are meeting defined standards for the types of activities they’d like to pursue.

Mastercard Crypto Credential provides a way to define verification standards and levels and provide the necessary enabling technology to help bring more use cases to life. This includes providing easy-to-remember, straightforward aliases to help consumers share wallet addresses with one another, bringing richer information to blockchain transactions through metadata, and tapping into CipherTrace’s suite of services to help verify addresses and support Travel Rule compliance for cross-border transactions.

Mastercard’s Web3 Products

Mastercard Crypto Credential can unlock several use cases for consumer and business verification. Other Mastercard Web3 products offer consumers the ability to use crypto from their Web3 wallet to pay for everyday goods and services.

Mastercard has been actively ramping up their involvement in the web3/blockchain space and have been partnering with Bit2Me, Lirium, Mercado Bitcoin, and Uphold.  Mastercard is also teaming up with public blockchain networks like Aptos Labs, Ava Labs, Polygon Labs, and Solana Foundation.

The post Mastercard Crypto Credential: Establishing Trust in the Blockchain Ecosystem first appeared on Black Women Blockchain Council.

The post Coinbase vs SEC: The Battle for Crypto Regulation first appeared on Black Women Blockchain Council.

In this article, we will explore the arguments for and against cryptocurrencies being classified as securities or commodities, using information from a recent Cointelegraph article titled “US House Committee Chair Repeatedly Presses SEC Chair: Is Ether a Commodity or a Security?” We will also examine the role of regulatory agencies, such as the SEC, in setting the rules for cryptocurrencies.

What is a Security?

A security is a financial instrument that represents ownership in a company or organization. Securities can take many forms, such as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. Securities are subject to regulations and laws designed to protect investors from fraud and manipulation.

What is a Commodity?

A commodity is a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as oil, gold, or wheat. Commodities are traded on exchanges and are subject to regulations that ensure fair trading practices.

Arguments for Cryptocurrencies as Securities

One argument for classifying cryptocurrencies as securities is that they are often sold through initial coin offerings (ICOs) as a means of raising funds. In an ICO, a company issues a cryptocurrency to investors in exchange for funding. These cryptocurrencies can be seen as securities because they are essentially digital representations of shares in a company.

Another argument for classifying cryptocurrencies as securities is that they often provide investors with a right to share in the profits of the company that issued them. For example, some cryptocurrencies pay dividends to investors based on the profits of the issuing company.

Arguments for Cryptocurrencies as Commodities

One argument for classifying cryptocurrencies as commodities is that they are often used as a means of exchange, much like traditional currencies. Bitcoin, the most well-known cryptocurrency, is often used to purchase goods and services online. This use as a means of exchange is similar to the use of traditional currencies, such as the U.S. dollar or the euro.

Another argument for classifying cryptocurrencies as commodities is that they are not issued by a single entity or organization. Instead, cryptocurrencies are created through a process known as mining, which involves using computational power to solve complex mathematical problems. Because no single entity controls the creation of cryptocurrencies, they can be seen as commodities, similar to gold or oil.

The Role of Regulatory Agencies

The debate over whether cryptocurrencies should be classified as securities or commodities has significant regulatory implications. Regulatory agencies, such as the SEC, have the authority to determine the legal status of cryptocurrencies and to set rules for their trading and use.

However, it is important to note that regulatory agencies do not have the authority to set the rules for cryptocurrencies themselves. Instead, they can only enforce existing laws and regulations. The rules for cryptocurrencies are set by the developers and users of the technology, as well as by the market forces that govern their use and value.

Conclusion

The debate over whether cryptocurrencies should be classified as securities or commodities is an ongoing one, with arguments on both sides. The legal status of cryptocurrencies will likely continue to evolve as regulators grapple with the unique features of this new technology.

Ultimately, the success of cryptocurrencies will depend on their ability to provide value to users and investors, and to navigate the complex legal and regulatory landscape that surrounds them. Whether cryptocurrencies are ultimately classified as securities or commodities, it is clear that they represent a new and disruptive force in the world of finance and commerce.

To learn more about blockchain register for our courses at the BWBC Academy, or become a BWBC Member. Learn the history of blockchain, smart contracts and more at your leisure. You can even earn a certification and learn to build your own smart contract.  The skies the limit with blockchain. Join a growing community of innovators and thought leaders who are shaping the future of technology and the world we live in. So why wait? Sign up today and start your blockchain education journey with us.

For more information on what becoming a BWBC member means check out https://bwbc.io/community/

The post Cryptocurrency: Security or Commodity? first appeared on Black Women Blockchain Council.

“If there is any gap in the law regarding public blockchain applications, it exists only because no plaintiff has brought the matter before the courts.”

Regulation and Governance

Actors within the blockchain ecosystem are dealing with technology with no finite regulation, but the roles they play arguably fits within some existing laws. As blockchain technology becomes increasingly adopted, it is inevitable that the courts will be called upon to determine how existing laws, and in particular the law of fiduciary duties apply.

Currently regulatory officials are examining liability frameworks for blockchain technologies.

Due to the various attacks and exploitation of codes resulting in the theft of tokens over the years, some scholars have argued blockchain platforms should have fiduciary duties.

Some, however, argued that for technologies that emerge outside of institutions, one must be prepared to examine distinctions and put various factors into perspective before creating a duty as high as fiduciary.

Others are of the view that there are existing legal frameworks that are much better suited for dealing with risks in blockchain networks.

If there is any gap in the law regarding public blockchain applications, it exists only because no plaintiff has brought the matter before the courts. Or at the very least, because legislators have not yet legislated for it. The emergence of Dr. Wright’s hack and subsequent legal action against specific blockchain developers has brought some change and hope in the community.

There are good policy reasons to apply traditional understandings of duties to blockchain governance, as evidenced by the countless other people who have found themselves in Wright’s shoes; victims of theft, left with no obvious recourse despite the stolen property remaining in full view and the case of a security breach like the Open Sea Email data breach.

The good governance of these blockchains is in the public’s interest: should they fail, the people relying on them could lose their data, money, and even their businesses.

The creation, development, and maintenance of blockchains may be seen as novel circumstances, but it is critical that appropriate non-intrusive and favorable laws are enacted.

Recommendation

• Technology is in its nascent stage and there is a need to study it, be proactive and come up with robust regulatory frameworks that will not inhibit innovation but, at the same time, bring about accountability and secure the assets of its users and the community as a whole.
• There is a need to impose regulation on platform operators and protocol developers. This will instill in them a serious culture of taking their work seriously, as the platforms/projects they build and operate are now and in the future important parts of life.
• Strict application of the existing regulations might not take into consideration the differences in the blockchain technologies, and as a result, the full potential might not be harnessed. The special nature of blockchain must be taken into consideration in applying existing laws.
• All the stakeholders in the ecosystem must work together for a better understanding and, as such, regulators will be able to come up with robust policies that will take into consideration the interests of all stakeholders.

Conclusion

It is critical that regulators apply a legal framework that reflects the way an economy works and the economic incentives and structural roles of the stakeholders involved.

The existing laws will apply to impose a fiduciary obligation, which recourse will be given to each particular case at hand and in time. This will help secure the interests of the community as the platforms and projects act more on the side of caution.

To learn about blockchain join our community at www.bwbc.io/community and gain access to all blockchain related resources.

Author: Deborah

The post FIDUCIARY DUTY TO THE COMMUNITY-Part 2: Regulatory Consideration first appeared on Black Women Blockchain Council.

Since the inception of blockchain technology, it has attracted a lot of attention across various industries and has transformed the mode of doing business.

Blockchain is one of the core emerging technologies and its disruptive features have brought a lot of concerns surrounding security issues.

Various security vulnerabilities and attacks have been reported over time, and a very recent one is that of OpenSea; the world’s largest NFT marketplace, which recently revealed an email data breach.

Numerous discussions have formed surrounding liability and the extent of the liabilities of blockchain developers or platform operators. The most recent arrest of Tornado Cash developer have sparked further discussion on this.

Technological advancement is moving at a rate that outpaces that of legislation. The new mode of interaction demands the evolution of the regulatory frameworks, tools, and approaches so as to cater to the interests of the stakeholders and spur innovation. Among such liabilities of blockchain technology is the issue of fiduciary duty.

To have a better understanding of this topic, this article will explore the following:

• A brief understanding of blockchain
• The meaning of fiduciary duty
• Whether or not the blockchain platforms or projects have a fiduciary duty to the community when it comes to security
• Security vulnerabilities in the blockchain system
• Blockchain governance and regulation
• Recommendations and Conclusion

“Blockchain” has been defined as a continuously growing list of blocks that are linked and secured using cryptography.

Some of the advantages of blockchain include:

• Security
• Traceability
• Cost-effective
• Fast
• Immutability
• Decentralized
• No intermediary
• Trustless

Fiduciary duty

The meaning of fiduciary duty was described in the landmark fiduciary case of Mothew v Bristol & West Building Society as:

“Someone who has undertaken to act for and on behalf of another in a particular matter in circumstances which give rise to a relationship of trust and confidence”

Also, in the Australian case of Grimaldi v Chameleon Mining NL (No. 2), the following was retracted:

“A person will be in a fiduciary relationship with another when so far as that person has taken to perform such a function for or has assumed such a responsibility to entitle that other’s interests to the exclusion of his or her own or third party interests.”

Under the fiduciary duty of confidentiality, a corporation’s directors and officers must keep corporate information confidential and not disclose it for their own benefit.

Fiduciary duties are imposed upon a person or an organization that exercises some discretionary power in the interest of another person in circumstances that give rise to a relationship of trust and confidence.

The U.S. case of Securities & Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corp states:

“To say that a man is a fiduciary only begins the analysis; it gives direction to further inquiry. Who is the fiduciary? What obligations does he owe as a fiduciary?

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Vulnerabilities and risks in the blockchain system

From the inception of blockchain till date, the following risks and vulnerabilities have been recorded:

• 51% Vulnerability

Blockchain relies on distributed consensus mechanism to establish mutual trust, which has a 51 percent vulnerability which can and has been exploited by attackers.

• Private Key Security

The private key is regarded as the ownership and security credential of a blockchain user. When this is stolen, the user’s account faces the risk of being tampered with, leading to loss. The blockchain relies on the need to build trust and peer to peer networking without third party.

Once a private key is stolen, it will be difficult to track the criminal’s behavior and recover the modified blockchain information. The above has presented itself in some real-life cases before the court.

In the case of OpenSea, there was a third party whom OpenSea entrusted customers’ information emails to and whom the customers were to trust that they would not disclose such information to an external party. This email breach has led to panic.  The concern is the breach could lead to tampering with customers’ accounts; including the leak of private and confidential information.

Once again it rings true that the technology is not the issue, but vulnerability comes from the people. Which leads to a question of who you trust and what degree of trust is being given?

You might have control of your private key and assets, but you have to trust that the information is not disclosed by the operators of the platform or their contractors or employees.

• Criminal Activity

The blockchain technology has been used for illegal activity because of its anonymous nature, which makes it hard to track users.

• Transaction Privacy Leakage

The privacy protection measures of some blockchain projects are not very robust. Criminals can leverage smart contracts for a variety of illegal activities, such as leaking confidential information.

• Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts

Some program defects and lack of proper protocol may lead to security vulnerabilities in smart contracts.

• Under-Utilized Smart Contracts

Some smart contract development and deployment are not adequately optimized.

• Under-priced Operations

It is difficult to accurately measure the consumption of computing resources of an individual operation, and therefore some gas values are not set properly.

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Stay tune for Part 2…..

To learn about blockchain join our community at www.bwbc.io/community and gain access to all blockchain related resources.

Author: Deborah

The post FIDUCIARY DUTY TO THE COMMUNITY: What Projects have to consider first appeared on Black Women Blockchain Council.